Darknet: Hollywood's War Against the Digital Generation (May 2005)

INDEX

AAC (Advanced Audio Codec), 88

Abbott, Tony, 185–186, 187, 188, 191

ABC, 164

Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, 60

Adams, Richard, 123

Adams, Scott, 83

Adams, Thomas, 97–98

Adler, Warren, 104, 107, 108

Adobe Systems, 143–144, 246

adult entertainment, 93, 157–160

advertising, 83, 176, 177

Aerosmith, 204, 210

Aho, Bill, 104

Aimster, 171

Akimbo, 161

Alaska Airlines, 91

Albini, Steve, 194

Allbritton, Christopher, 81

Alliance for Digital Progress, 261

AllYourTV.com, 120

Alperovich, Adrian, 61–62, 115

Alsop, Stewart, 170, 174, 182, 197–198

Altman, Robert, 104

Amazon.com, 82, 133, 202

American Library Association, 234, 261

America Online (AOL), 45, 201, 222–223, 228

Anderson, Chris, 3

Anderson, Pamela, 159

Anderson, Ross, 238

Anti-DMCA.org, 261

APIC Worldwide, 159

Apple, 26–27, 43, 69–70, 84, 88, 119, 189, 197–198, 202, 209, 213, 218, 239

Apprentice, The (TV show), 234

Archos, 26, 117

Armstrong, Edwin, 110

Artemis Records, 72

artistic license, 21, 109

artist-on-demand services, 201–202

artist rights, 5, 108–109, 112–114, 147–149, 207–208, 212, 232, 262

ASCAP, 249

AT&T Labs, 53–54

Atari, 251

Atlantic Records, 72

ATRAC format, 124

Attaway, Fritz, 74, 233

Au, Wagner James, 244–245

Audio Home Recording Act, 187

avatars, 243, 244–245, 249

BabyCenter (Web site), 82

BadBlue, 223

Baez, Joan, 190

Balogh, Stephen, 26, 30, 116

Barlow, John Perry, 39–40, 42

BayTSP, 222

BBC, 83, 164, 180–181

BearShare, 221, 223

Beatles, 211

Beato, Greg, 12

Bender, Walter, 80

beneaththecobweb, 52–58

Ben Folds Five, 195

Benkler, Yochai, 38

Bennett, Vicki, 148

Berkman Center for Internet & Society, 38

Berman, Joe, 188

BestBuy, 206

Betamax, 165

Betamax case, 110, 144, 177

BigChampagne, 49

big media, 2, 4, 11, 12, 265–266

convergence, 27–28, 236

copy protection, 116-18, 123-25, 144, 228, 235-36. See also copyright

Edge TV concerns, 173–184

industry consolidation, 26, 30

open media and, 260

personal broadcasting and, 154, 155–157

personal media vs., 13–14, 19–21, 71–79

public policy and, 29–32

trusted computing and, 237

See also Hollywood; music; recording industry

BitTorrent, 45–46, 223

Bjork, 210

Blair Witch Project, The (film), 84, 96

Bleszinski, Cliff, 252

blogs, 3, 80–82, 95, 153

Blubster, 223, 224, 232

BMG Music, 72, 200, 204

Books, Rodney, 182

borrowing, 15–16, 19, 20, 21, 36

Bowie, David, 207, 210

Bowman, Shayne, 78

Boyle, James, 261

Braxton, Toni, 194

British Sky Broadcasting, 180

broadband, 160, 162, 165, 171, 181, 184, 259–260

broadcast flag, 59, 176, 180, 215, 233–235

broadcast networks, 155–156, 175

Brown, Glenn Otis, 147

Brown, John Seely, 266

Brown, Sheldon, 16–17, 20

Bull, Michael, 198

Burger, James M., 24, 123, 180, 194–195

Bush, George W., 81, 112, 137, 141, 233

BuyMusic.com, 202

cable television, 112, 120, 155–156, 160, 161, 164, 165, 170, 173, 174, 177, 208

Cablevision, 120

Cahn, Sammy, 207

Caltech, 32, 60

Cam Jam technology, 117–118

Campaign Desk (blog), 81

Campaign for Digital Rights, 261

Canter, Marc, 13

Capitol Records, 188, 200

Carpenter, Karen and Richard, 113

CBS, 81, 83, 164

CD-DVD hybrids, 219

CDs, 96–97, 188, 193, 206, 213

burning of, 144, 190, 199

demise of, 219

digital music vs., 187, 188, 202

encrypted, 140, 213, 215

sales of, 96, 196, 198, 209

celestial media jukebox, 5, 21, 42, 43, 44, 173

music and, 198, 199, 206, 218

cellphones, 12, 27

censorship, 108–109, 224–227

Center for Democracy and Technology, 40, 261

Center for Digital Storytelling, 67–69, 85

Center for Internet and Society, 35

Centropy, 56, 57

certification, 116

Chernin, Peter, 29, 32

Cherry Lane Digital, 205

Chervokas, Jason, 171

China Airlines, 60

Christian Copyright Licensing International, 131

Christian Music Trade Association, 194

Cinea, 117–118

CinemaNow, 99

Circuit City, 90, 118

Clark, Gene, 190

Clarke, Ian, 224–228, 229, 230

Clarke, Richard A., 145

Clayman, Gregory L., 157–160

Clayton, David, 101–102, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109

Clean Flicks, 105

clearing rights, 69, 248

ClearPlay, 102, 104, 105

Clinton, Bill, 139

cloaking devices, 223

CNN, 49, 156

codecs, 88–94

Codename: Gatling (mod), 251

Cohen, Bram, 223

Cohen, Lyor, 206

collaborative filtering systems, 173, 176, 188

Collins, Judy, 190

Columbia Pictures, 165

Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment, 61, 73, 176

Comcast, 177

Command and Conquer Generals (game), 251

commentaries, do-it-yourself, 76, 78

Committee for Economic Development, 80, 262

community publishing projects, 80

compression technology, 87–97, 156, 165

compulsory (statutory) licenses, 208–209, 263

computers, 13, 17–18, 79, 133, 266

convergence and, 236

digital filmmaking and, 69–70, 71

“kill switches” for, 261

music recording and, 84, 189

personal networks, 134

recording television on, 119–120

trusted computing, 26, 32, 140, 233, 236–240

Congress, U.S., 73, 139, 149–150, 174, 194

copyright law and, 30, 32, 34–35, 36, 138, 144

digital media law and, 30, 32, 260–261

digital rights affirmation, 263

high-tech sector and, 26, 133

MPAA and, 77, 235

music licensing and, 109, 208

Napster hearings, 190

Webcasting royalties and, 214

Constitution, U.S., 34, 143, 227

consumer electronics industry, 23, 26, 31–32, 91, 115–116, 122

consumer rights, 26, 115, 116, 262

Consumers Union, 40, 261

Content Scramble System, 121

convergence, 27–28, 160, 236

copy controls. See encryption

copy protection, 36–37, 39, 114, 116–118, 123–125, 142, 144, 228, 235–236

copyright, 2, 4, 9, 33–41, 44, 227

adult entertainment sites and, 159

artistic expression and, 113–114

broadcast flag and, 233–235

censorship and, 226

criminalization and, 127–150, 261, 263

current legislative initiatives and, 261–262

Edge TV and, 173, 174, 177, 183, 184

extensions of, 30, 32, 34–35, 265

fair use and, 4, 26, 68, 70, 73–78, 111, 117, 123, 128, 138, 139–141, 143, 144–145, 168, 216, 233, 263

Hollywood concerns about, 30, 31, 32, 35, 72–74, 96, 111, 121, 139, 149, 168–169, 262

infringement on, 33–34, 78

license customization a, 147–149

Machinima and, 248

online games and, 248–249

personal media and, 37, 68–69, 70, 71–78, 85, 96

“substantial similarity” and, 10

violation investigation, 59

Copyright Act (1976), 74, 77, 123, 138, 144

Cora Beth (violinist), 148

Counter-Strike (game), 250

Crawford, Susan, 262

Creative Commons, 35, 147–149, 190, 210, 248–249, 265

creative control, 104–106, 109

creative culture See personal media

creativity, 13, 34–37, 187

Cringely, Robert X., 238

Crosby, David, 190

Cuban, Mark, 180

culture war, 3, 16

cut-and-paste culture, 15, 36

Cutter, Chris and Katie, 129

CyberChef, 222

cyberlaw, 35–36

dance clubs, 2, 14–15, 16, 114

Danger Mouse (Brian Burton), 211

Darknet, 44–46, 125, 149, 184, 240–241

definition of, 45

encrypted file sharing and, 223–230, 232, 233

as equalizing force, 264

mash-ups and, 210, 212

as metaphor, 3

music file sharing and, 191, 222, 223–224

underground media and, 44, 46, 47–62, 122, 241

video compression technology and, 96–97

darknets, 45–46, 132

definitions of, 2–3, 45

Dawson, Rhett, 31–32

Daytonabeach-live (Internet TV show), 152–153

decryption programs, 128, 129

DeCSS (software), 136, 137

Dell, 26, 236

Designer, 103

desktop publishing, 79

Diamond Multimedia, 26, 110–111, 197

Diebold Election Systems, 141, 226

DiFranco, Ani, 197

Digital Clubhouses, 70

DigitalConsumer.org, 40, 111, 261

digital culture, 1–18, 150, 261, 266

convergence and, 27–28, 160, 236

public policy and, 3, 29–32

sensible policies for, 5, 20, 21, 262–265

threats to, 2, 19, 114

youth creativity and, 5–13, 71

See also personal media

Digital Future Coalition, 142–143, 149–150

digital identity, 231

digital locks, 29, 44, 45, 123, 137, 213

Digital Millennium Copyright Act, 39, 139–145, 150, 226, 227

hardware mods and, 252, 253

Hollywood and, 30, 32

Internet radio programs and, 201

movie mash-ups and, 212

overhaul of, 263

tech companies and, 29

violation of, 111, 122, 123, 128, 129, 132, 136, 137, 139–145

Webcasting royalties and, 214

digital movie clubs, 71

digital rights, 2, 25, 28–29, 35–42, 99, 111, 116–120, 133, 135, 144–145, 149, 234, 261, 263

digital rights management, 111, 115, 118, 125, 182, 210, 213, 228

digital shoplifting, 266

Digital Speech Project, 261

digital storytelling, 67–73

digital television, 116, 119–120, 122–123, 179–180, 181, 233, 235, 262

digital vaults, 55, 116

digital video recorders (DVRs). See personal video recorders

Directors Guild of America, 104, 105

DirecTV, 88, 176

Discovery Communications, 169

Disney Channel, 190–191

distributed TV. See file-serve television

DivX (Digital Video Express), 89–90, 118

DivX (format), 90-93, 97, 156, 230, 252

DivXNetworks, 87, 90–93

DivX ;-) (pirate code), 89

DNA (musical group), 210

Doctorow, Cory, 142

(Doh!) Software, 142

Doherty, Richard, 108, 121, 123

Dolby Labs, 88

Doom (game), 250

Doom9, 122, 131

Dozier, Lamont, 195

DreamWorks, 9, 89

Dube, Bryan, 252

Dust to Dust (documentary), 154–155

DVD Copy Control Association, 23, 24

DVD Decrypt, 128

DVD jukeboxes, 121

DVD Movie Writer, 28

DVDs, 11–12, 16, 54, 61, 89, 98–99, 140

backing up of, 122

copy protection and, 116–117

interactive, 101–102, 103

licensing standards, 70, 115–116

region coding and, 23–24, 25, 106, 253

ripping software, 78, 141, 144

seamless branching, 107

video compression and, 88, 97

DVDTracks.com, 76

Dye, Morris, 187

Dying to Tell the Story (documentary), 171–172

Earthstation5, 229

Eastman, Marlene, 72

Easton, Steve, 159

eBay, 202, 246

Ebert, Roger, 76, 84, 90, 104

eBook Reader, 143, 144

e-books, 114, 140, 143

Edge TV, 2, 169–184

eDonkey, 56, 213, 221

Edwards, Bob, 188

Eisner, Michael, 32

ElcomSoft, 143–144

Eldred, Eric, 29, 33

Eldred v. Ashcroft, 33

Electronic Arts, 246, 251, 252

Electronic Frontier Foundation, 40, 113, 138, 208, 234, 261

El Gato Software, 119

Ellsberg, Daniel, 142

EMI, 72, 204, 211

Eminem, 195

eMusic, 201

encryption, 25, 29, 37, 111, 115, 136, 168, 213

file-sharing networks and, 223–230, 232, 233

Eno, Brian, 197

Epic Games, 247, 251–252

Epinions (Web site), 82

ESPN, 156, 164

EyeTV, 119

FactCheck.org (blog), 81

fair use. See under copyright

Family Shield, 105

fan fiction, 15, 21, 84–85, 149

FanFiction.net, 85

Fanning, Shawn, 192, 204

fansubs, 130

Fark (Web site), 83

FasTrack, 223

FBI, 59, 142, 143

Federal Communications Commission, 32, 59, 110, 119–120, 168–169, 176, 179–180, 186, 215–216, 233, 234, 235

Feingold, Benjamin S., 61, 62, 73, 99, 106

Feinstein, Diane, 32–33

file-serve television, 169–174

file sharing, 1, 2, 32–33, 40, 114, 130, 132, 221–241

encrypted, 223–230, 232, 233

misuses of, 5, 21

movie underground and, 49, 50, 53–54, 55, 59, 61, 96, 97

music. See under music

films, 149

digital, 69–73

digital distribution of, 32, 49, 62–63, 64

do-it-yourself commentaries, 76, 78

filtering technology, 103–9

independent, 84

Machinima, 247–248

rating system, 31, 102–103

video compression and, 87–92, 97

See also Hollywood; movie underground

filtering technology, 103–109

Finding Nemo (film), 98

Fiorina, Carly, 28

Firefly (TV show), 75, 76–77

Firefly: A Special Feature (documentary), 75–76, 77

first sale doctrine, 144

fishWrap (online publication), 80

5C industry group, 120, 125, 133

Flirt4Free (Web site), 158

folk music, 2, 189–190

Forest, Bliss, 64–65

Forest, Bruce, 47–53, 55–58, 60–65, 96, 98, 224, 229, 241, 253

Forsythe, Tom, 113

4C industry group, 133

Fox, 75, 76, 89, 155, 169, 177, 248

Frank, Andrew, 230

Frankel, Justin, 222–223, 228

free culture movement, 29, 30, 38, 40, 147

Freeculture.org, 261

Freenet, 45, 224–228, 230, 232

Gabriel, Ann, 215

Gabriel, Peter, 197

Gaines, Philip, 75–77, 78

games, 78, 164, 243–255

licensing, 247–248, 249, 250

piracy of, 253–254

Gamespy.com, 252

GarageBand (software), 84, 189

GarageBand.com, 197

Gates, Bill, 134, 239

Gateway, 26, 236

Geffen, David, 206

Geffen Records, 204–205

Gibson, Bob, 189, 190

Gigabit or Bust Initiative, 259–260

Gillmor, Dan, 78–79, 85

Gilmore, John, 123–124

Glaser, Rob, 62

GlaxoSmithKline, 232

Glickman, Dan, 30, 59

Global Positioning System (GPS), 24

Gnutella, 222–223, 228, 230

Godwin, Mike, 192, 236

Gomes, Lee, 89

Grateful Dead, 96

Greenhall, Jordan, 88–96

Greenlee, Rob, 82

Greenstein, Seth, 125, 234

Grey Album (mash-up album), 211–212

Griffin, Jim, 109, 204–206, 207, 208, 209, 219, 265

Grimmelmann, James, 264

Grokster, 45–46, 222, 223

Groove Networks, 229

Gross, Terry, 216

Gruttend, Kiok, 68

Guenther, Morgan, 179

Gupta, Raghav, 214

Guthrie, Woodie, 138

Half-Life (game), 250–251

Half-Life 2 (game), 251, 254

Halperin, John, 148

hardware mods, 252–253, 254, 255

Hatch, Orrin, 261

HBO, 130, 156, 164, 171, 178

HDNet, 180

Hendricks, John S., 164–165, 170, 174, 175

Henley, Don, 193, 195

Hennessy, Carly, 218

Hewlett-Packard, 26, 28, 142, 228, 232, 236

high-capacity audio discs, 219

High Definition Content Protection, 124

high-definition television (HDTV), 122–123, 179, 180, 259

Highfield, Ashley, 164, 180–182, 183

high-speed Internet. See broadband

high-tech industry, 23, 24–28, 115–116, 133–135

HiWatts, the, 63–64

Hollevoet, David, 214

Hollywood, 1, 3, 5, 11, 12, 23–26, 89, 260

copy protection technology, 116–18, 123–25, 144, 235–36

copyright protection, 36, 139, 149, 235–36, 262

definition of, 30

DVD region coding, 23–24, 25, 106

immersive Internet and, 258

interactive media and, 159–160

licensing standards and, 115–116

movie filtering and, 104–107, 109

movie rating system, 31, 102–103

movie underground and, 48–49, 122

opposition to VCRs, 110

personal media and, 72–74, 79

piracy concerns, 25, 30, 31–33, 49, 58–62, 96, 97–99, 122, 179–180, 184, 233–236, 241, 255

political lobbying, 29–30, 240, 260, 261

public policy and, 29–32

unauthorized film use and, 2, 15, 19–20

video compression technology, 92, 93, 95–96

home entertainment, 26, 61, 96, 114, 135

convergence and, 27, 236

copyright concerns and, 121

immersive Internet and, 258–259

space shifting and, 168

video codecs and, 93

home networks, 134–135

Home Recording Rights Coalition, 261

Horovitz, Jed, 146–147

Hosler, Mark, 212

Hulk, The (film), 47–48

Hunt, Brad, 236

Ian, Janis, 196

IBM, 32, 139, 236, 260

id Software, 247, 250, 252

iDVD software, 70

IGE, 246

“Illegal Art” exhibit, 112–113, 147

iMesh, 56, 186

immersive Internet, 258–259

iMovie, 26, 84, 154

Independent Media Center, 83

INDUCE Act, 29

Infogrames, 251

innovation, 4, 35, 92, 109, 112, 118–119, 121, 137, 145, 169, 241, 264

instant messaging, 45, 266

Integrated Media Systems Center, 257–258, 259

Intel, 29, 124, 132–133, 134, 135, 236

intellectual property, 11, 20, 36, 41, 226, 227, 230-231, 245, 262. See also copyright

Intellectual Property Task Force, 260

Interactive Digital Software Association, 253

interactive media, 5, 12–13, 14, 101–102, 259

filtering technology, 103–109

Hollywood and, 159–160

online games, 243–249

youth expectations for, 16–22

interactive television, 159–160, 180–181, 259

Internet, 2, 14, 15, 17–22, 258–260

broadcast flag technology and, 234

competing visions of, 40–41, 264

convergence and, 160

copyright and, 35–40

cyberlaw and, 35–36

illegal downloading from, 129–132

immersive, 258–259

online games, 243–249

personal broadcasting and, 151–162

piracy concerns and, 25, 52, 58–62, 133, 135–136

radio program restrictions, 201

Internet2, 258

Internet Archive, 40, 113

Internet Relay Chat, 45, 48, 55, 89

Internet TV, 151–154

Intervideo, 121

iPod, 16, 26–27, 28, 88, 197–198

Ishikawa, Mark, 224

iTunes, 26, 43, 88, 197, 198, 209, 217, 218

Jackson, Michael, 211

Jackson, Peter, 107

Jameson, Jenna, 158, 159

Jaszi, Peter, 142–143, 149

Jay-Z, 211

Jenkins, Henry, 13, 16–19, 21, 28

Jenner, Peter, 217

Jim Henson Co., 93

Jobs, Steve, 74–75, 119, 134, 198

Johansen, Jon Lech, 137

Johnson, Lyndon B., 29

Jones, Don, 68

Jun Group, 63

Justice Department, U.S., 227, 260

JXL (disc jockey), 210

Kabir, Ras, 229

Kahle, Brewster, 40, 42

Kalanick, Travis, 224

Karlsson, Lukas, 167

Kazaa, 45–46, 56, 74, 114, 186, 190–192, 210, 221, 223

Kellner, Jamie, 176

Kelly, Kevin, 188

Kenswil, Larry, 43

Kerry, John, 137

Keys, Phillip, 214

Knowles, Harry, 8, 9, 10

konspire2b, 161

Kost, Rob, 138, 139

Koster, Raph, 255

Kraus, Joe, 3, 25, 111, 112, 115, 120, 139–140, 234

Kressley, Carson, 120–121

Kryptonite bike locks, 82

Kuro5hin (Web site), 83

LaCour, Victor, 257–259

Laderman, John Alex, 142

La Macchia, Brian, 237

Lamb, Jayson, 8–11

Lambert, Joe, 67–68, 69, 71–72, 74, 85

Lanier, Jaron, 264

Le, Minh, 250–251

League, Tim, 9

Leanza, Cheryl, 216

Lee, Tommy, 159

Leeson, David, 154–155

Lessig, Lawrence, 29, 33, 34–38, 39, 46, 147, 149, 212, 260

Levy, Bruno, 15, 16, 20

Levy, Steven, 118

libraries, 42, 45, 114

licensing, 41, 43, 44

standards, 70, 115–116, 133

See also under games; under music

Lieberfarb, Warren, 43, 62, 107, 155–157, 159, 161, 175, 180, 267

Limbaugh, Rush, 216

LimeWire, 223

Limp Bizkit, 195

Linden Lab, 243–248

Linux, 239, 252

Live365 (music portal), 214

Lo, Patrick, 121

Lofgren, Zoe, 235

Longhorn, 236, 238–239

Look, Howard, 169, 172, 173

Lord of the Rings (film), 76, 96

Love, Courtney, 194, 204

Lubliner, Roni, 72

Lucas, George, 77, 78

Lucasfilm, 10, 78, 147

Lydon, Christopher, 82

Lynn, Roger, 189

Ma, Moses, 71, 84

MacBand (online community), 84

Machinima, 247–248

MacJams (online community), 84

Macrovision, 74, 98, 120

Madonna, 195

Majidimehr, Amir, 111

Malcolm, John G., 58–59

Manferdelli, John, 239

Mann, Aimee, 197

Marconi, Guglielmo, 110

Mario Brothers (video game), 248

Marshall, Joshua, 81

Martin, Kevin, 63

Martinelli, Stephanie, 72–73

Mashin’ of the Christ, The (movie mash-up), 212

mash-ups, 209–212, 234

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 32, 80, 213, 237

Matrix, The (film), 18, 20, 98, 103

Mattel, 113

Mawlawi, Mazen, 147

Mayer, John, 96

MCA Records, 218

McCullagh, Declan, 145

McDermitt, Matt, 84

McGuinn, Roger, 2, 189–190, 191, 194

McLuhan, Marshall, 113

Media Access Project, 261

Media Center PC, 120

MediaDefender, 222

Message, The (Sherman), 113

Metafilter (Web site), 83

Metallica, 195

Meyers, Mike, 166

MGM, 30, 72, 112, 177, 178

Microsoft, 26, 32, 45, 46, 89, 93, 97, 115, 120, 125, 133, 154, 155, 161, 222, 236–239, 240, 251–254, 259

Microsoft Office, 64, 118

Microsoft Reader, 143

Miller, Diana, 103, 109

Miller, Ernest, 77–78

Minidisc.org, 124

MiniDisc recorders, 124

Miyagawa, Shigeru, 14

Moby, 195

mods, 250–255

Moore, Michael, 146

“moral imperative” campaign, 31, 37, 59

Morita, Akio, 165

Morpheus, 191, 223

Motion Picture Association of America, 29–32, 58–60, 73–74, 77, 146–147, 168–169, 235, 261

MoveOn, 83

Movie Archive, 42

Movielink, 49, 87, 99

MovieMask (software), 103

movies. See films; Hollywood

movie underground, 1, 21, 47–62, 64–65, 96, 122, 241

MP3 technology, 88, 110–111, 112, 124, 140, 144, 185, 197, 205, 219, 230

MPEG-2, 88, 90

MSN TV, 154

MTV, 178

MTV News Unfiltered (TV show), 83

Mudd, Dennis, 199, 200, 202, 218

Mullen, Nina, 67

Multimedia CD, 115

Murray, Chris, 43–44, 99, 233–234

music, 149

compression technology, 88

copy protection, 124, 142

digital distribution of, 49, 63–64, 185–202

fair use, 21, 73, 216

file sharing, 186, 189–196, 207, 208, 212, 213, 219, 221–224, 240

licensing, 109, 113–114, 174, 208–209, 210, 212, 249

mash-ups, 209–212

online games, 249

online stores, 43, 88, 111, 190, 193, 197, 198, 202, 206, 209, 213, 218

personal media, 71–72, 84

piracy, 65, 97, 187, 192, 198, 213, 222

podcasting, 82, 219

streaming, 200–202, 214, 240

subscription services, 201, 206, 240

See also recording industry

Musicmatch, 197, 198–202, 209, 217

Musicmatch Jukebox, 185, 190, 199

MusicNet, 201

Mutchler, Colin, 148

Mystro TV, 177

Nader, Ralph, 172

Napster, 48, 136, 138, 150, 190–193, 197, 201, 202, 218, 221, 222, 230, 232, 240, 241

Nast, Thomas, 34

National Football League, 168–169, 170

National Public Radio, 83

NBC, 107, 164, 169, 176

Negativland, 112, 212

Nemechek, Victor, 119

Netflix, 56–57, 92

Neumann, Ulrich, 259

New Directions for News, 78

News in the Future, 80

New World News (blog), 244–245

New Yorkers for Fair Use, 261

NFL Films, 136

niche programming, 155, 165

Night of the Living Dead (film), 148

Nike, 210

>NIL (French programmer), 25

Ninja (movie underground figure), 53, 55, 56, 57

Nintendo, 253

No Electronic Theft Act, 30

Nokia, 27, 205

Nvidia, 251

O’Connor, Sandra Day, 110

Odetta, 190

Office of Technology Assessment, 138–139

Ohlweiler, Bob, 199

OhmyNews (Web site), 83–84

Ondrejka, Cory, 243–244, 245, 247, 248–249

169time.com, 123

online games, 243–249, 250

online music stores. See under music

Onosko, Tim, 116, 120, 183

open media. See personal media

open source software, 145, 161, 239

Oppenheim, Matt, 224

O’Reilly, Tim, 83, 196, 264

Orion Pictures, 177

Overpeer, 222

owner override, 238

Ozzie, Ray, 229

Paramount, 30, 72, 155, 176, 177

Parres, John, 204

Parsons, Richard, 32

participatory culture, 2, 13, 18–19, 21–22, 79, 95, 119, 137, 260, 262, 263

participatory journalism, 78–79, 80

Patrick, John, 260

Pax, Salam, 81

pay-per-use model, 41, 140, 143

pay-per-view, 62, 89–90, 114, 120, 170

PBS, 171

peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, 33, 56, 59, 156, 181, 232, 233, 240, 261

music file sharing and, 84, 114, 192, 194, 197, 208, 212, 221–224

Penn State University, 240, 241

Penthouse, 158

permissions, 33, 34, 74, 248

personal broadcasting, 151–162

personal ID certificates, 231

personal media, 4, 5, 7–22, 67–85, 181, 260, 262

big media vs., 2, 13–14, 19–20, 71–79

blogs, 3, 80–82, 95

convergence and, 27–28

copyright and, 37, 68–69, 70, 71–78, 85, 96

digital storytelling, 67–73

home networks, 134–135

immersive Internet and, 259

networks, 134

personalized news systems, 80

piracy concerns and, 25

video compression and, 95–97

personal video recorders (PVRs), 94, 114, 116, 118, 120, 144, 157, 161, 165–169, 175–182

Pesce, Mark, 161, 162

Petricone, Michael, 121–122

Phantom Edit, The (Star Wars version), 78

Philips Electronics, 26, 91, 115

Pho group, 204, 205, 206, 207

photocopiers, 110, 112

Pinnacle, 26

Pioneer, 124

Pioneer Region Free DVD Firmware site, 25

piracy, 1, 2, 5, 45, 111, 125, 232

commercial, 57, 58–59

Congress and, 133, 135–137, 261

digital rights and, 25, 28

edge TV and, 173, 184

of games, 253–254

industry initiatives against, 26, 32, 233–236

innovative business models and, 45, 62–64, 264

movie underground and, 47–62, 64–65, 122

of music, 65, 97, 187, 192, 198, 213, 222

student conduct codes on, 31

use distinctions, 21

See also under Hollywood

Pixar, 32, 169

plagiarism, 21

Playboy, 158, 159

Playstation, 93, 252-253

Playstation 2, 61, 97, 252-254

podcasting, 82, 219

Pogue, David, 166

Pollack, Jordan B., 41–43, 46

Poopli (Web site), 179

Porter, Cole, 207–208

Powell, Michael, 166, 175

Prelinger, Richard, 113, 148

Prelinger Film Archives, 148

Presley, Elvis, 210

Prince, 197

Principle Solutions, 105

privacy rights, 180

Protectfairuse.org, 261

Proud Family, The (cartoon), 190–191

public domain, 34, 143, 148, 265

Public Enemy, 114, 195

Public Knowledge, 40, 99, 234, 261

publishing, 110, 114, 139

Publius (underground network), 223

Quake (game), 78, 247, 250, 252

Qwest Communications, 42

radio, 218–219

compulsory licenses, 208

digital, 215–216

FM band, 110

Internet. See Webcasting

low wattage stations, 186

monolithic station ownership, 193

podcasting, 82, 219

satellite, 188, 190

Raiders of the Lost Ark, The (film ), 2, 7

Raiders: The Adaptation (film re-creation), 7–11, 12, 19

Ramsay, Mike, 161, 167–169, 170, 173, 174, 182, 184

Randall, Karen, 44, 196–197

Raven (Harold Kionka), 151–153, 154, 155, 165

RealNetworks, 93, 201

recording industry, 3, 5, 36, 40, 50–51, 142, 260, 262

analog- to digital-age transition, 203–219

digital music distribution, 43, 63, 139, 192–202

fair use and, 73, 216

file-sharing suits, 221–222, 228, 231, 233

licensing rights, 113–114

mash-ups, 210–212

Napster and, 48, 150, 192–193, 197, 222

opposition to MP3 technology, 110–111, 205

personal media, 72

royalty underpayment, 194

Webcasting royalties, 152, 186, 214–215

Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), 50–51, 142, 192, 195, 201, 214, 215–216, 221–222, 224, 228, 231, 233, 245

region coding, 23–24, 25, 106, 253

Rein, Lisa, 153–154

Reiner, Rob, 104

release groups, 50, 51, 53–58, 254

remixing, 20, 210, 212, 263

Remote Media Immersion, 258

renewability, 116–117

ReplayTV, 111, 121, 165, 172, 176, 177–179, 182

Rev. John, 127–132, 141, 148

Reynolds, Glenn, 261

Rhapsody, 201, 202, 209

Rheingold, Howard, 40

Richmond Organization, 138

right-of-publicity laws, 74

Ringewald, Erich, 187, 188

Rio (MP3 player), 110–111, 197

ripping software, 78, 141, 144

Robertson, Michael, 204

Rojas, Peter, 210–211

Rosedale, Philip, 246, 247

Rosen, Hilary, 73, 204

Rosenbaum, Steven, 83

Rosenberg, Scott, 265

Rota, Jerome (Gej), 89, 90–91

Roth, Eli, 9

Route66live.com, 152

Rundgren, Todd, 197

Run DMC, 210

Rutkowski, Ken, 82

Saffo, Paul, 79

sampling, 15, 21, 114, 263

Samsung, 91

San Francisco Museum of Modern Artists Gallery, 112

Sanyo, 105

satellite radio, 188, 190

satellite television providers, 160, 177

Saving Private Ryan (film), 103

Scalia, Antonin, 35

Scarface (game pirate), 254

Schiller, Phil, 198

Sciullo, Mike, 191, 192

Scorsese, Martin, 104

Scott, Ridley, 108

Scour (search engine), 224

screen cams, 54

“screeners,” 54, 60

seamless branching, 107

Searls, Doc, 40–41

Second Life (online game), 244–249

Seeger, Pete, 190

Setos, Andrew, 44, 234

set-top boxes, 123

Shakira, 195

Shapiro, Gary, 216

share culture, 21, 231

Sherman, Cary, 192, 216, 219

Sherman, Jason, 113

Shing, Honda, 121

Shirky, Clay, 22, 188, 206–207, 222, 232, 233, 240

Showtime, 178

Siemens, 232

Sierra Entertainment, 251

silicon radio, 135

SilverStringers (online newspaper), 80

Simpsons, The (TV show), 20, 129, 174, 208

Sims, The (game), 244, 246, 250

Singer, Mitch, 117

Sirius satellite radio, 188

60 Minutes (TV show), 81

Sixteen Nine Time, 122–123

Skylarov, Dmitry, 143

Slashdot.org (Web site), 83

“small-worlds networks,” 232–233

Smashing Pumpkins, 195

Snapple Beverage Group, 63

SnapStream Media, 119

sneakernet, 46, 96

Snopes.com, 82–83

Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (film), 106

Soderbergh, Steven, 104, 105

Sohn, Gigi, 140, 192

song-on-demand services, 202

Sonicblue, 26, 111, 121, 172, 177–179, 182

Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 30, 32, 34, 113

Sony, 26, 30, 70, 89, 93, 110, 112, 115, 123, 124, 144, 165, 236, 253, 254

Sony Music, 72, 204, 212, 222

Sony Online Entertainment, 246

Sony Pictures, 165

Soto, Pablo, 224

space shifting, 2, 168

Spice, 158

Spielberg, Steven, 8, 9, 10, 19, 104, 107, 108

Spiridellis, Gregg and Evan, 138

Standard Film Trust, 161

Starbucks, 248

Star Wars films, 49, 78, 95, 98

homemade versions of, 15, 147

Starz Ticket, 99

State Department, U.S., 225

Steiner, Stephan, 122

Steriogram, 188

Stern, Howard, 188

streaming

music, 200–202, 214, 240

video, 87–88, 93, 124, 152, 153

Strompolos, Chris, 7–11, 12

SunnComm, 142

Supreme Court, U.S., 33, 34, 109, 110, 124, 177

syndication, 174–175

Talking Heads, 193

Taplin, Jonathan, 184

Target, 206

Tarnation (documentary), 84

Tarzan (underground network), 223

teleconferencing, 259

telesyncs, 54

television, 15, 17, 18, 110, 155–156, 160, 260, 262

broadcast flag technology, 233–235

broadcast networks, 155–156, 175

edge TV, 2, 169–184

filtering technology, 107

high-definition, 122–123, 179, 180, 259

interactive, 159–160, 180–181, 259

personal broadcasting, 155–156

personal video recorders and, 94, 114, 118, 120, 161, 165–169, 175, 176

syndication, 174–175

V-chip technology, 31, 136

See also cable television; digital television

Television Archive, 42

Ternes, Dan, 251

There Inc., 245

They Might Be Giants, 195

This Land (Internet video), 137–138

Thompson, Kyra, 171–172

321 Studios, 121, 122

time shifting, 94, 123, 144, 157, 164, 165–166, 177

“time stretching” software, 121

Time Warner, 120, 176, 177

Time Warner Interactive, 245

TiVo, 16, 88, 94, 112, 161, 163, 165, 166–170, 173, 176, 177, 179, 182, 219

TiVoToGo, 168–169

Tony Radio (FM station), 186

Toontown (online virtual world), 32

topsites, 55

Toshiba, 115

Transportation Security Administration, 145

Trilogy Studios, 102–103, 104, 106, 107, 108

Tru64 Unix, 142

TrueMajority, 234

trusted computing, 26, 32, 140, 233, 236–240

Trusted Computing Group, 236

TuneYard (Web site), 84

TVGuardian technology, 105, 108

TVG Vision, 105, 108

Twelve Monkeys (film), 248

Twentieth Century-Fox, 30, 72

2600 (magazine), 144

2manydjs (mash-up duo), 210

Ultima Online (online game), 246, 247, 249

“Undead Art” project, 148

Universal Music, 72, 204, 205, 213

Universal Studios, 24, 30, 47, 72, 89, 110, 144, 169, 176, 177

Unreal (game), 78, 247, 251

Usenet, 45, 55, 129–130

Vaidhyanathan, Siva, 77

Vaio Pocket VGF-AP1, 124

Valenti, Jack, 29–31, 32–33, 37, 39, 49, 58, 59–60, 73, 76, 77, 92, 98, 110, 121, 122, 131, 137, 230, 235, 236, 241

Valve Software, 250, 251

vaudeville, 110

VCDquality.com, 184

VCD Vault, 56

V-chip, 31, 136

VCRs, 98, 110, 112, 115, 120, 156, 165, 177

Vega, Suzanne, 210, 211

Viacom, 169, 176

Victor Talking Machine Co., 267

videobloggers, 82

video compression, 87–97, 156, 165

video games, 18, 19, 106, 248, 254–255

video on demand, 91, 164, 165, 170, 259

Video Pipeline, 146

video streaming, 87–88, 93, 124, 152, 153

Vilhan, Allan, 148–149

virtual private networks, 54, 234

virtual worlds, 32, 244–249

Vivendi Universal, 205, 218

Vivendi Universal Games, 251

Vivid, 158

VJs (video jockeys), 2, 14–15

Voice of America, 225

von Lohmann, Fred, 113–125, 141–142, 144, 235, 253

VS Media, 157–159

Wacker, Watts, 1

Wainwright, Loudon, III, 195

Walker, Leslie, 183

Walkman, 112, 124

Wal-Mart, 61, 105, 108, 202, 206

Walt Disney Co., 30, 32, 72–73, 89, 106, 110, 146, 149, 155, 161, 169, 176, 178, 259

warez sites, 59, 230

Warner, Josh, 206

Warner Bros., 30, 72, 89, 176

Warner Home Video, 115

Warner Music, 72, 204

Waste (underground network), 223, 228–229, 232

watermarking, 29, 47, 136, 219, 235

Watson, Tom, 171

Wayner, Peter, 145

Webcasting, 152, 186, 188, 197, 201, 214–215, 219

Webjay.org, 218

weblogs. See blogs

Ween, 197

Weinberger, David, 144

Weinstein, Lauren, 231–232

Weymouth, Tina, 193

Whiteside, Donald S., 25, 29, 132–137, 141, 147

Wikipedia, 83

Willful Infringement (film), 146–147

Willis, Chris, 78

Wilson, Ruby, 68

Windolf, Jim, 8, 10

Wintel, 139

wireless technology, 135, 186, 259–260

Wolcott, James, 81

Wolfe, Andy, 172, 175, 178

Worlds Inc., 245

Wozniak, Steve, 123

Xbox, 252, 253, 254

XM satellite radio, 188

Yahoo, 45, 202

Yalen, Alex, 230–231

Your Choice TV, 164

Yudkovitz, Martin J., 174

Zala, Eric, 7–11

Zala, Kurt, 8

Zennström, Niklas, 223

Zittrain, Jonathan, 138

ZPoc, 222